SS-31

SS‑31 (also known as elamipretide) is a research-grade mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide designed to bind cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane and preserve mitochondrial structure and function in models of oxidative and metabolic stress. By concentrating within mitochondria, it is investigated as a broad mitoprotective agent across kidney, cardiac, neural, and musculoskeletal disease models linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Mitochondrial Protection And Bioenergetics

• Reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, prevents cardiolipin peroxidation, stabilizes cristae structure, and improves electron transport chain efficiency, which together enhance ATP synthesis and limit electron leakage.

• In aged or metabolically stressed tissues, SS‑31 improves ADP sensitivity, increases ATP production, and restores contractile or functional capacity in skeletal muscle, heart, and kidney models.

Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Apoptotic, And Anti-Inflammatory Effects

• Inhibits opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, reduces cytochrome c release, and attenuates apoptosis and necrosis in ischemia–reperfusion and neurodegeneration models.

• Lowers oxidative protein modifications and dampens inflammatory signaling, including in leukocytes from type 2 diabetes patients, where SS‑31 increased SIRT1 levels and improved redox and autophagy markers.

For research purposes only. Not intended for human consumption or any therapeutic application.​